SUBJECT 1. STEREOCHEMISTRY II

Theory: Types of isomers | Conformational isomers | Symmetry elements | Symmetry axis | Reflection plane | Center of symmetry | Alternating axis | Elements of asymmetry | chiral center | Chirality axis | Chirality plane | Helical molecules | Notations | Prochirality | Types of ligands | Pro_R and Pro_S ligands | Faces | Racemate resolution


SUBJECT 2. NATURAL PRODUCTS sugar



UNIT 3. REACTION MECHANISMS
  • Tools to determine a mechanism : Identify products. Identify intermediates. Isotopic labeling. Product stereochemistry. Solvent effect.
  • Kinetic data: Definition of speed. Kinetic equations. Consecutive reactions. Nitration of benzene Arrhenius theory. Transition state theory. competitive reactions. Curtin-Hammet principle. Hammond principle.
  • Isotope effect: Primary isotope effect. Secondary isotope effect.
  • Hammett's equation.

SUBJECT 4. REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION

  • Concepts in Y N 2: Kinetics. Stereochemistry. Solvent. Nucleophile and nucleophobic. Substrate structure.
  • Concepts in S N 1: Kinetics. Stereochemistry. Solvent. Substratum. anchimeric assistance. Nonclassical carbocations.
  • Elimination reactions: Elimination 1,2. Elimination 1.4. Elimination 1.1. Elimination 1.3. Fragmentation. E1 (Unimolecular elimination). E2 (bimolecular elimination). E1cb. Stereochemistry of elimination reactions. Regiochemistry of elimination reactions. pyrolytic removals. Elimination of Hofmann and Cope


SUBJECT 5. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

  • Formation of single bonds: Alkylation of enolates. Alkylation of enamines. Imines and lithiated enamines. Stereoselective alkylation. aldol condensation. Michael and Robinson. Claisen condensation. Acetylacetic and malonic synthesis. Formation of dianions. Umpolung reactions.
  • Formation of double bonds: E2. Pyrolysis of esters. Elimination of Cope. Hofmann elimination. Sulfoxide removal. Sulfoxide-sulfenate rearrangements. Wittig reactions. Wittig. Wadsword-Emmons. Horner-Wittig. Peterson. Sulfur ylides. Shapiro.
  • Diels-Alder: Stereochemistry. Regiochemistry.
  • Carbenes: Singlet and triplet carbenes. Synthesis of carbenes : Elimination 1.1. Decomposition of diazo compounds. Decomposition of tosylhydrazones. Reactivity of carbenes: Cyclopropanation. Simmons-Smith reaction. CH insert. Arndt-Eistern. Hofmann and wolf transposition.

SUBJECT 6. OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS (REDOX)
  • Oxidation of benzylic H. Oxidation of H. allylics
  • Oxidation of alcohols: Derivatives of ac. chromic. manganese dioxide. Alkoxysulfonium salts. Swern oxidation. Oppenaver oxidation
  • Olefin oxidation: Oxidation with permanganate and osmium tetroxide. Prevost reaction. Woodward's reaction. Alkene epoxidation. Epoxy opening. ozonolysis. Oxidation with periodic acid.
  • Oxidation of ketones: Oxidation to alpha-beta unsaturated: Baeyer-Villiger. Oxidation to alpha-hydroxyketones.
  • Reduction reactions: Hydrogenation. Acyloinic condensation. Non-metallic hydrides. Clemmensen. Wolff-kisnner. thioacetals Alkynes with Na/NH 3 . Birch reduction. Obtaining 1,2-symmetrical diols