ESTERS THEORY
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- ESTERS THEORY
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Esters come from condensing acids with alcohols and are named as salts of the acid from which they come. IUPAC nomenclature changes the -oic ending of the acid to -oate , ending with the name of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen.
[1] Methyl methanoate
[2] Methyl ethanoate
[3] Ethyl propanoate
[4] Methyl butanoate
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The esters are hydrolyzed in aqueous media, under acid or base catalysis, to yield carboxylic acids and alcohols.

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- ESTERS THEORY
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The esters are hydrolyzed in aqueous media, under acid or base catalysis, to yield carboxylic acids and alcohols. Basic hydrolysis is called saponification and transforms esters into carboxylates.

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Lactones are cyclic esters and hydrolyze in a manner analogous to noncyclic esters, forming compounds containing acid and alcohol groups.

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Esters react with alcohols in acidic media, replacing their alkoxy group with the corresponding alcohol, as can be seen in the following reaction. This reaction is called transesterification.

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Esters transesterify in the presence of alkoxides, depending on the reaction:

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The esters have acidic hydrogens with pKa=25 in their position, which can be subtracted using bases. The conjugate base is an enolate ester, a highly nucleophilic species that attacks a varied number of electrophiles.

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- Germán Fernández
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When an ester with hydrogens a is treated with an equivalent of base (alkoxide) it condenses to form a product of the family of 3-ketoesters. This type of reaction is known as a Claisen condensation.
