ESTERS THEORY
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Esters come from condensing acids with alcohols and are named as salts of the acid from which they come. IUPAC nomenclature changes the -oic ending of the acid to -oate , ending with the name of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen.
[1] Methyl methanoate
[2] Methyl ethanoate
[3] Ethyl propanoate
[4] Methyl butanoate
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The esters are hydrolyzed in aqueous media, under acid or base catalysis, to yield carboxylic acids and alcohols.
![hydrolysis-acid-esters hidrolisis-acida-esteres](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/hidrolisis-acida/hidrolisis-acida-esteres-01.png)
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The esters are hydrolyzed in aqueous media, under acid or base catalysis, to yield carboxylic acids and alcohols. Basic hydrolysis is called saponification and transforms esters into carboxylates.
![hydrolysis-basic-esters hidrolisis-basica-esteres](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/hidrolisis-basica/hidrolisis-basica-esteres-01.png)
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Lactones are cyclic esters and hydrolyze in a manner analogous to noncyclic esters, forming compounds containing acid and alcohol groups.
![hydrolysis-lactones hidrolisis-lactonas](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/hidrolisis-lactonas/hidrolisis-lactonas-01.png)
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Esters react with alcohols in acidic media, replacing their alkoxy group with the corresponding alcohol, as can be seen in the following reaction. This reaction is called transesterification.
![acid-transesterification transesterificacion-acida](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/transesterificacion-acida/transesterificacion-acida-01.png)
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Esters transesterify in the presence of alkoxides, depending on the reaction:
![basic-transesterification transesterificacion-basica](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/transesterificacion-basica/transesterificacion-basica-01.png)
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![organometallic-esters esteres-organometalicos](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/organometalicos/esteres-organometalicos-01.png)
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![reduction-esters reduccion-esteres](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/reduccion/reduccion-esteres-01.png)
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- ESTERS THEORY
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![dibal-reduction reduccion-dibal](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/reduccion-dibal/reduccion-dibal-01.png)
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The esters have acidic hydrogens with pKa=25 in their position, which can be subtracted using bases. The conjugate base is an enolate ester, a highly nucleophilic species that attacks a varied number of electrophiles.
![enolates-ester enolatos-ester](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/enolatos/enolatos-ester-01.png)
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When an ester with hydrogens a is treated with an equivalent of base (alkoxide) it condenses to form a product of the family of 3-ketoesters. This type of reaction is known as a Claisen condensation.
![condensation-claisen condensacion-claisen](/images/stories/organica-ii/esteres/condensacion-claisen/condensacion-claisen-01.png)