THEORY OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
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IUPAC names carboxylic acids by replacing the ending -e of the alkane with the same number of carbons with -oic .
[1] Methanoic acid (Formic acid)
[2] Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid)
[3] Propanoic acid (Propionic acid)
[4] Butanoic acid (Butyric acid)
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Carboxylic acids are molecules with trigonal planar geometry. They have acidic hydrogen in the hydroxyl group and behave like bases on carbonyl oxygen.

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The most characteristic property of carboxylic acids is the acidity of the hydrogen located on the hydroxyl group. The pKa of this hydrogen ranges from 4 to 5 depending on the length of the carbon chain.

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Carboxylic acids can be prepared using the following methods:
♦ Oxidation of alkylbenzenes: Carboxylic acids can be obtained from benzenes substituted with alkyl groups by oxidation with potassium permanganate or sodium dichromate.
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Alkanoyl halides are obtained by reacting carboxylic acids with PBr 3 . SOCl 2 can also be used.
Thus, ethanoic acid is transformed into ethanoyl bromide by reaction with phosphorous tribromide. Ethanoic acid reacts with thionyl chloride to form the compound
Read more: Synthesis of alkanoyl halides from carboxylic acids
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The anhydrides are obtained by condensation of carboxylic acids with loss of water. The reaction requires strong heating and a long reaction time.

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Esters are obtained by reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of mineral acids. The reaction is carried out in excess of alcohol to shift the equilibria to the right. The presence of water is detrimental since it hydrolyzes the ester formed.

Read more: Synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids - Esterification
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Lactones are cyclic esters that are obtained by intramolecular esterification from molecules containing acid and alcohol groups. This cyclization forms 5- or 6-membered cycles.
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Amides are formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with ammonia, primary and secondary amines. The reaction is carried out under heating.

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Lactams are cyclic amides formed from molecules that contain carboxylic and amine groups. The reaction is carried out by heating in the absence of acid.

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- Germán Fernández
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Carboxylic acids react with two equivalents of organolytic followed by aqueous hydrolysis to form ketones.

Read more: Reaction of carboxylic acids with organometallics
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Lithium aluminum hydride reduces carboxylic acids to alcohols.

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The a -hydrogens of carboxylic acids are acidic and can be removed using strong bases such as LDA.

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The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction makes it possible to halogenate the a-position of carboxylic acids. Phosphorus-catalyzed bromine is used as the reagent. Phosphorus in the presence of bromine generates phosphorus tribromide, which is actually the compound that acts as a catalyst.

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