THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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The 3-keto esters or β -keto esters are obtained by the Claisen condensation of two esters.
- Obtaining 3-ketoesters
Mechanism:
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate (ethyl acetylacetate), can be obtained by Claisen from ethyl acetate, and is a very efficient reagent for the preparation of ketones.
![acetylacetic-synthesis sintesis-acetilacetica](/images/stories/organica-ii/compuestos-difuncionales/sintesis-acetilacetica/sintesis-acetilacetica-01.png)
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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Malonic synthesis is a method that allows obtaining carboxylic acids. This synthesis starts with diethyl propanedioate (diethyl malonate).
![malonica-synthesis sintesis-malonica](/images/stories/organica-ii/compuestos-difuncionales/sintesis-malonica/sintesis-malonica-01.png)
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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When the electrophile used in the acetylacetic or malonic synthesis is a,b -unsaturated, a 1,5-dicarbonyl will be formed, this type of reaction is called Michael addition.
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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The use of aldehydes and ketones in the acetylacetic or malonic synthesis allows obtaining ketones or a,b -unsaturated acids.
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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Acyloinic condensation transforms esters into alpha-hydroxyketones. This reaction is carried out with sodium metal in an inert solvent.
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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Benzoin condensation yields a -hydroxycarbonyls by reaction of aromatic aldehydes with sodium cyanide.
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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The reaction of aldehydes with 1,3-dithiacyclohexane, in the presence of Lewis acids, produces 1,3-dithianes that have hydrogens that can be subtracted with strong bases, forming the 1,3-dithiane anion. These anions are very good nucleophiles and react with a wide range of electrophiles.
![synthesis 13 days 01](/images/stories/organica-ii/compuestos-difuncionales/sintesis-13-ditianos/sintesis-13-ditianos-01.png)
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- Germán Fernández
- THEORY OF DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
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1,2-Dicarbonyl compounds can be prepared by oxidation of α-hydroxycarbonyls.