AMINES THEORY
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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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Rule 1. Amines can be named as derivatives of alkylamines or alkanoamines. Let's see some examples.
Ethylamine (Ethanamine)
Cyclopentylamine (Cyclopentanamine)
(Pent-2-yl)amine (Pentan-2-amine)
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- Germán Fernández
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Amines have lower melting and boiling points than alcohols. Thus, ethylamine boils at 17ºC, while the boiling point of ethanol is 78ºC.
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- Germán Fernández
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Amines have acidic hydrogens on the amino group. These hydrogens can be subtracted using strong bases (organometallic, metal hydrides) forming amides (amine bases).

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- Germán Fernández
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Amines are nitrogenous compounds with a pyramidal structure, similar to ammonia. Nitrogen forms three single bonds through sp 3 -hybridized orbitals. The lone pair occupies the fourth orbital with sp 3 hybridization and is responsible for the basic and nucleophilic behavior of amines.

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- Germán Fernández
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- Germán Fernández
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Nitriles can be prepared by reacting haloalkanes with sodium cyanide. The reduction of nitriles with LiAlH 4 produces amines.
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- Germán Fernández
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The reaction of primary and secondary haloalkanes with sodium azide produces alkylazides, which by reduction with LiAlH 4 give rise to amides.
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- Germán Fernández
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Amides are reduced with LiAlH 4 to form amines. The carbon number of the final amine is equal to that of the starting amide.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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Amides are reduced with LiAlH 4 to form amines. The carbon number of the final amine is equal to that of the starting amide.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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The Gabriel synthesis allows primary amines to be obtained from haloalkanes, without the formation of mixtures of secondary and tertiary amines.
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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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Reductive amination consists of forming an imine, from aldehydes or ketones and amines, which is reduced to an amine in a subsequent stage. This reduction can be carried out with $H_2$ catalyzed by Nickel or with $NaBH_3CN$.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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Epoxides (oxacyclopropanes) open by nucleophile attack, due to the significant ring strain. If the nucleophile used is ammonia, a β-aminoalcohol is obtained. This type of product can also be obtained by opening the epoxide with sodium azide, and reducing the azide in a second stage.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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The Hofmann elimination allows the conversion of amines to alkenes. It is a regioselective reaction that follows Hofmann's rule, forming the least substituted alkene.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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The Cope elimination makes it possible to obtain alkenes from tertiary amines. The reaction consists of oxidizing the tertiary amine, forming an amine N-oxide, which is eliminated intramolecularly by heating, giving rise to the alkene.

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- Germán Fernández
- AMINES THEORY
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Mannich prepares 3-aminocarbonyls from primary or secondary amines, methane, and an enolizable carbonyl. Let's see an example:
