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SUBJECT 1. ALKANESbutane

Theory: Types of Alkanes | Alkanes nomenclature | Physical properties of alkanes | Conformational isomers | Newman projection | Potential Energy Diagrams | combustion of alkanes

Problems : Alkanes problems

UNIT 2. RADICAL HALOGENATION REACTIONS

Theory: Mechanism | Polyhalogenations | Halogen reactivity | Radical stability | Product distribution | Halogenating agents

SUBJECT 3. CYCLOALKANES cyclopentane

Theory Nomenclature of cycloalkanes | Ring strain in cycloalkanes | Cyclopropane | Cyclobutane | Cyclopentane| Cyclohexane conformations | Substituted cyclohexanes.

Problems: Cycloalkanes problems

SUBJECT 4. STEREOCHEMISTRY

Theory: Structural isomers | Geometric isomers | Enantiomers | Diastereomers | Enantiomer nomenclature | Racemic mixture and meso form | Optical activity | Fischer projection | R/S notation in Fischer | Molecules with several centers | Stereochemistry of the reactions | Stereospecific reaction | Separation of enantiomers.

Problems: Stereochemistry problems

SUBJECT 5. REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION iodopropane

S Theory N 2: Haloalkanes nomenclature | Physical properties of haloalkanes | Mechanism of the S N 2 | Energy diagram of S N 2 | Stereochemistry of S N 2 | Ring size at S N 2 speed | Outgoing group in S N 2 | Nucleophile in SN2 | Substrate in S N 2 | Solvent in S N 2 |

Theory S No 1: Mechanism of the S N 1 | SN1 energy diagram | Stereochemistry in S N 1 | Outgoing group in S N 1 | Nucleophile in S N 1 | Substrate in SN1 | Solvent in S N 1 | Competition Y N 2 and Y N 1.

Elimination Theory: Elimination Reactions E1 (Unimolecular Elimination) | E2 (Bimolecular elimination) | Elimination with prevented bases.

Problems : Problems Y N 2 | SN1 problems | Problems Elimination

SUBJECT 6. ALKENES 2 pentene

Theory: Alkene nomenclature | Structure and bond of alkenes | Dipole moment of alkenes | Double bond stability | Alkene synthesis : E2 | Saytzev and Hofmann Rules | E2 stereoselectivity | Alkene synthesis: dehydration of alcohols.

Problems: Alkene problems

SUBJECT 7. REACTIONS OF ALKENES

Theory: Catalytic hydrogenation in alkenes | Addition of HX to alkenes | Markovnikov rule in alkenes | Addition of Water to Alkenes | Addition of halogens to alkenes | Other electrophilic additions to alkenes | Oxymercuriation-demercuriation of alkenes | Hydroboration in alkenes | MCPBA oxidation of alkenes | Opening of epoxides (oxacyclopropanes) | Oxidation with permanganate and osmium tetraoxide of alkenes | Ozonolysis of alkenes | Radical reactions of alkenes | Alkene polymerization.

Problems : Alkene reaction problems

SUBJECT 8. ALKYNES 2 butine

Theory : Alkyne nomenclature | Structure and bond in alkynes | Physical properties of alkynes | Acidic hydrogen in alkynes | Triple bond stability in alkynes | Alkyne isomerization | Allenes | Alkynes by double elimination | Alkynes by alkylation | Alkyne hydrogenation | Monoelectronic reduction of alkynes | Hydroboration of alkynes | Addition of HX, halogens and water to alkynes | Cationic cyclizations in alkynes.

Problems: Alkyne problems

SUBJECT 9. ALLYLIC SYSTEMS

Theory: Allyl system: Resonance | SN1 Reactions in Allylic Systems | Kinetic and thermodynamic control in allylic systems | SN2 reactions in allylic systems | SN2´ reaction in allylic systems | Halogenation by free radicals | Give us conjugates.

UNIT 10. DIELS-ALDER REACTION

Theory: Diels-Alder Mechanism | Diels-Alder stereochemistry | Diels-Alder with Alkynes | photochemical cycloadditions | Electrocyclic reactions.

SUBJECT 11. ALCOHOLS propanediol

Theory: Nomenclature and p. physics of alcohols | Acidity and basicity of alcohols | Alcohol synthesis | Reduction with hydrides to obtain alcohols | Organometallic | Organometallics in alcohol synthesis | Preparation of alkoxides from alcohols | rearrangement of carbocations | Transposition mechanism | degenerate transposition | Rearrangement to hydroxycarbocation | Rearrangement of 2,2-dimethyl-2-propanol | Haloalkanes from alcohols | alcohol oxidation.

Problems: Alcohol problems

SUBJECT 12. ETHERS

Theory: Ethers nomenclature and properties | Williamson synthesis of ethers | Ethers from alcohols | Protecting groups | Ethers via SN1 | Opening of oxacyclopropanes (epoxides).

Problems: Ethers Problems

SUBJECT 13. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES carbonyl

Theory: Aldehyde and ketone nomenclature | Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones | Preparation of aldehydes and ketones | Addition of water and alcohols to aldehydes and ketones | Hydrate formation | Hemiacetals and acetals | Cyclic acetals | Thioacetals | Addition of ammonia and derivatives to aldehydes and ketones | Imine formation | Oxime formation | Hydrazone formation | Azine formation | Formation of semicarbazones | Phenylhydrazine assay | Wolff-Kishner reduction of aldehydes and ketones | Clemmensen reduction of aldehydes and ketones | Enamine formation | Cyanohydrin formation | Wittig reaction of aldehydes and ketones | Sulfur ylides | Baeyer-Villiger with aldehydes and ketones | Fehling and Tollens test for aldehydes and ketones.

Problems: Carbonyl problems

SUBJECT 14. ENOLS AND ENOLATES ab unsaturated

Theory: Enols and enolates | Alkylation of aldehyde and ketone enolates | HD exchange in aldehydes and ketones | Halogenation and isomerization of aldehydes and ketones | Aldol condensation | Preparation of alpha-beta unsaturated | Additions to alpha-beta unsaturated | Michael and Robinson's reactions.

Problems: Enol and enolate problems

SUBJECT 15. BENZENE benzene

Theory: Benzene Nomenclature | Huckel's rule in aromatic systems (benzene) | Halogenation of benzene | Nitration of benzene | Sulfonation of benzene | Alkylation of benzene | Acylation of benzene | Activating and deactivating groups in benzene | Ipso substitution of benzene | Benzine | Benzyl position in benzene | Oxidation of benzene side chains

Issues: Benzene Issues

 

 

SUBJECT 16. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

benzoic acid

Theory: Nomenclature of carboxylic acids | Physical properties of carboxylic acids | Acidity and basicity of carboxylic acids | Preparation of carboxylic acids | Oxidation of alcohols and alkenes | Organometallic compounds | Hydrolysis of nitriles | Preparation of Alkanoyl Halides | Preparation of anhydrides | Synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids | Synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids | Reaction with organometallics of carboxylic acids | Reduction to alcohols of carboxylic acids | Carboxylic acid enolates | Hell-Volhard-Zelinski | Hunsdieker reaction of carboxylic acids

Problems: Carboxylic Acid Problems

SUBJECT 17. DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Order of reactivity | Acid-base behavior

  • ALKANOYL HALIDES

Theory: Alkanoyl Halide Nomenclature | Reaction with water and alcohols of alkanoyl halides | Reaction with amines of alkanoyl halides | Reaction with organometallics of alkanoyl halides | Reduction to alcohols and aldehydes of alkanoyl halides

Problems: Acid Halide Problems

  • ANHYDRIDES

Theory: Anhydride Nomenclature | Anhydride Reactivity

  • ESTERS methyl butanoate

Theory: Nomenclature of esters | Hydrolysis of esters | Transesterification of esters | Amides from esters | Reaction with organometallic esters | Reduction to alcohols and aldehydes of esters | Ester enolates | Claisen condensation of esters | pyrolysis of esters

Problems : Esters Problems

  • AMIDES

Theory: Amide nomenclature | Amide hydrolysis | Reduction to amines and aldehydes of amides | Amide enolates and amidates | Hofmann rearrangement of amides

Problems: Amide Problems

  • NITRILES

Theory: Nitrile nomenclature | Acidity and basicity | Hydrolysis of nitriles | Reaction with organometallic nitriles | Reduction of nitriles to amines and aldehydes.

Problems: Nitrile problems

SUBJECT 18. DIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS

Theory: Acetylacetic synthesis | Malonic synthesis | Knoevenagel condensation | Michael's addition

 

SUBJECT 19. AMINES methylpropanamine

Theory: Amine nomenclature | Physical properties and acid base of amines | Amine synthesis | Reductive Amination of Amines | Amine reactivity | Hofmann elimination of amines | Mannich reaction of amines | Removal of Cope from amines | Reaction with nitrous acid of amines | Diazomethane

Problems: Amine problems

 

UNIT 20. SILICON, PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS

Theory: Phosphorus Compounds | Wittig reaction | Wadsword_Emmons | Horner-Wittig | Sulfur compounds |Thiols | Sulfides | Sulfoxide removal | Sulfur ylides | Thioacetals | Synthesis of 1,3-dithianes | silicon compounds