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Determination
- Molecular formulas
- Visible-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
- the electromagnetic spectrum
- spectroscopic techniques
- Structure of a spectrophotometer
- Electronic levels and transitions
- Lambert–Beer equation
- Vis-UV Spectra vs. IR Spectra
- Chromophore and auxochrome groups
- Vis-UV Spectra in Organic Compounds
- Conjugated dienes and bathochromic effect
- Bathochromic effect on $\alpha,\beta$-unsaturated carbonyls
- Bathochromic effect by conjugation with lone pairs
- Vis-UV spectra of aromatic compounds
- Infrared Spectroscopy
- Fundamentals of Infrared Spectroscopy
- Infrared absorption
- Vibration Types
- Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
- Types of absorptions
- Molecular vibrations and bonds
- The Infrared Spectrum
- IR spectrum: Alkanes
- IR Spectrum: Cycloalkanes
- IR spectrum: Alkenes
- IR spectrum: Alkynes
- IR Spectrum: Aromatics
- IR Spectrum: Alcohols and Phenols
- IR spectrum: Ethers
- IR spectrum: Aldehydes
- IR spectrum: Ketones
- IR Spectrum: Carboxylic Acids
- IR Spectrum: Esters
- IR Spectrum: Alkanoyl Halides
- IR spectrum: Nitriles
- IR Spectrum: Amides
- IR Spectrum: Amines
- IR spectrum: Haloalkanes
- Infrared spectrum simulation of 1-butene
- Infrared spectrum simulation of 1-butyne
- Infrared spectrum simulation of pentane
- Infrared spectrum simulation of acetophenone
- Infrared spectrum simulation of toluene
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of 1-propanol
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of 2-butanone
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of ethanal
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of diethyl ether
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of ethanenitrile
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of propanoic acid
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of ethanoyl chloride
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of ethyl ethanoate
- Simulation of the infrared spectrum of 1-butanamine
- simulation of the infrared spectrum of propanamide
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
- nuclear angular momentum
- nuclear magnetic moment
- Nuclear spin energy levels
- Nuclear magnetic resonance
- Nuclear shielding
- NMR spectrum of ethanol
- chemical shift
- chemical shift table
- Electronegative groups unshield nuclei
- Magnetic Anisotropy - Paramagnetic Shielding
- exchangeable acidic hydrogens
- Spin-Spin Coupling
- Rule N+1
- Coupling of three non-equivalent cores
- Spectrum of Styrene
Tools
- organic reactions
- Arbuzov (Reaction)
- Acylonic (Condensation)
- Aldol (Condensation)
- Alkene Metathesis
- Bamford Stevens (Reaction)
- Arndt Eistert (Synthesis)
- Claisen (Condensation)
- Baeyer Villiger (Oxidation)
- Shapiro (Reaction)
- barton reaction
- Baylis-Hillman (Reaction)
- Acetylacetic (Synthesis)
- Amadori (Reaction/Rally)
- Aza[2,3]Wittig (Rally)
- Aza-Claisen (Rally)
- Aza-Cope (Rally)
- Baker-Venkataraman (Regroup)
- Balz Schiemann (Reaction)
- Barber (Reaction)
- Bartoli (Indole Synthesis)
- Beckmann (Transposition)
- White (Reaction)
- Cannizzaro (Reaction)
- Chugaev (Reaction)
- Wharton synthesis of olefins (Wharton rearrangement)
- Wharton (Fragmentation)
- Yamaguchi (macrolactonization)
- Wurtz (Coupling)
- Wolff–Kishner (Reduction)
- Wolff (Regroup)
- Weinreb (ketone synthesis)
- Wagner-Meerwein (Regroupment)
- Wacker (Oxidation)
- Chemical products
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- Lab's material
- simple distillation
- Heavy
- Determination of the melting point
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- Column Chromatography
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- Chromatographic techniques
- Reactions in an inert atmosphere
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- commercial wine distillation
- vacuum distillation
- rotary evaporator
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heterocycles
- Heterocycle nomenclature
- aromaticity
- Heterocycle synthesis (I)
- Synthesis of heterocycles by cyclization reactions
- Reactants in cyclization reactions
- Classification of nucleophilic attacks (Baldwin's Rules)
- Formation of cycles through S$_N$2
- Cyclization processes by nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination at sp¹²2 carbons
- Cyclization on sp carbons
- Cyclization of carbenes nitrenes and radicals
- pyridine
- Hantzsch synthesis of pyridine
- Chichibabin synthesis of pyridine
- basicity of pyridine
- Alkylation and acylation of pyridine
- Formation of pyridine N-oxides
- Electrophilic substitution on pyridine.
- Electrophilic substitution at position 4 of pyridine
- pyridine lithiation
- Nucleophilic addition reactions to pyridines
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions in pyridine
- Nucleophilic substitution by elimination-addition: the pyridine
- Reactivity of alkyl and vinyl pyridines
- Kröhnke synthesis of pyridine
- Guareschi-Thorpe synthesis of pyridine
- condensed nomenclature
- Quinoline and Isoquinoline
- Quinoline Synthesis - Skraup
- Quinoline Synthesis: Conrad-Limpach-Knorr
- Reactions with nitrogen lone pair: quinoline and isoquinoline
- Electrophilic substitution reaction in quinoline and isoquinoline
- Electrophilic substitution by N-oxides
- Lithiation reaction in quinoline and isoquinoline
- Nucleophilic addition to quinolines and isoquinolines
- Nucleophilic substitution in quinoline and isoquinoline
- Alkyl and vinyl quinolines and isoquinolines
- Combes synthesis of quinolines
- Friedlander quinoline synthesis
- Bischer–Napieralski synthesis
- Pictet Spengler synthesis of isoquinoline
- Pomerantz-Fritsch synthesis of isoquinolines
- Diazines
- Pyrrole, thiophene and furan
- Pyrrole, thiophene and furan
- Basic behavior of pyrrole, thiophene and furan
- Pyrrole polymerization
- pyrrole nitration
- Halogenation and sulfonation of pyrrole
- Vilsmeier formylation of pyrrole
- Mannich reaction of pyrrole
- Electrophilic substitution at position 3 of pyrrole using Cl-TIPS
- Furan nitration
- halogenation of furan
- Sulfonation, formylation, Mannich and acetylation of furan
- Electrophilic substitution on thiophene
- nucleophilic addition
- Nucleophilic substitution in pyrrole, thiophene and furan
- Lithiation reaction
- Cycloaddition reactions in furan
- Derivatives of pyrrole, thiophene and furan
- furan opening
- Paal–Knorr synthesis of pyrrole
- Hantzch synthesis of pyrrole
- Synthesis of pyrrole via 1,3-dipolar
- Paal–Knorr synthesis of furans
- Feist-Benary synthesis of furan
- Furan synthesis by 1,3-dipolar
- Paal–Knorr synthesis of thiophene
- Synthesis of thiophene by 1,3-dipolar
- indole
- 3,4 and 7 membered heterocycles
advanced organic
- Carbohydrates
- Amino Acids-Peptides
- Amino acids
- The 20 amino acids that make up proteins
- Amino Acids - Isoelectric Point
- Amino acid synthesis - Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky
- Amino Acid Synthesis - Gabriel
- Amino Acid Synthesis - Malonica
- Amino Acid Synthesis - Strecker
- Peptide Synthesis - Group Protection
- Peptide synthesis - Amino group protection
- Peptide synthesis - Acid group protection
- Glycine-Alanine dipeptide synthesis
organic chemistry
- organic chemistry
- Advanced Organic
- Structural Determination
- heterocycles
- Organic synthesis
- Organic Synthesis Methodologies
- General Principles of the Synthesis Tree Method
- Synthesis problems, solved by the Synthesis Tree method
- Formation of enols and enolates
- Reactions of Enols and Enolates
- THE METHOD OF DISCONNECTIONS OR OF THE TUNE
- Disconnections of 1,3- Dioxygenated Compounds
- Disconnections of Compounds 1,5 - Dioxygenates
- Protection of Functional Groups in Organic Synthesis
- Control of condensation of carbonyl compounds
- Disconnection of 1,2-dioxygenated compounds
- Disconnection of 1,4-dioxygenated compounds
- Disconnections of 1,6-Dioxygenated Compounds
- Baeyer-Villiger oxidation as a strategy in Retrosynthesis
- Beckmann rearrangement as a strategy in Retrosynthesis
- Other synthesis strategies that use "illogical" syntons
- Synthesis of aromatic compounds I
- Synthesis of aromatic compounds II
- alcohol synthesis
- Synthesis of heterocycles by intermolecular cyclization
- Synthesis of heterocycles by intramolecular cyclization
- The cyano group in the synthesis of heterocycles
- Synthesis of heterocycles with several heteroatoms
- Quinoline Synthesis
- Isoquinoline synthesis
- Synthesis of Benzodiazines
- Indoles Synthesis
- Synthesis of benzofuranes and benzothiophenes
- Sulfonamide synthesis
- Synthesis of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
- Synthesis of General Anesthetics
- Synthesis of Local Anesthetics derived from benzoic acid
- Synthesis of Local Anesthetics derived from aminobenzoic acid
- Synthesis of Local Anesthetics derived from phenylacetamides
- Synthesis of Local Anesthetics derived from various functional groups
- Synthesis of polyaspartate (rootGROW)
- Synthesis of 1,3 and 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds
- phenanthrene synthesis
- Synthesis of Pyridine and its Derivatives
- Synthesis of Thorin
- Benzodiazepine synthesis
organic chemistry
- Alkanes
- Alkanes problems
- Alkanes - Problem 1
- Alkanes - Problem 15
- Alkanes - Problem 12
- Alkanes - Problem 2
- Alkanes - Problem 5
- Alkanes - Problem 10
- Alkanes - Problem 4
- Alkanes - Problem 7
- Alkanes - Problem 3
- Alkanes - Problem 9
- Alkanes - Problem 13
- Alkanes - Problem 14
- Alkanes - Problem 16
- Alkanes - Problem 17
- Alkanes - Problem 18
- Alkanes - Problem 19
- Alkanes - Problem 6
- Alkanes - Problem 8
- Alkanes - Problem 11
- Cycloalkanes
- Cycloalkanes problems
- Halogenation Alkanes
- Stereochemistry
- Stereochemistry - Stereoisomerism
- Isomer classification
- Geometric or cis-trans isomers
- Molecular chirality and enantiomers
- Isomers with a single asymmetric carbon
- Enantiomer nomenclature
- Symmetry in Chiral Molecules: Meso Forms
- optical activity
- Fisher projection
- RS Notation on Fischer Projection
- Passage from Newman to Fischer
- Easel Projection
- Stereochemistry Videos
- Agenda - Stereochemistry
- Stereochemical problems
- Substitution Reactions - SN2
- General Characteristics of Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2)
- Mechanism - Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution - SN2
- Energy diagram in SN2
- Stereochemistry in SN2
- The leaving group in the nucleophilic substitution - SN2
- The nucleophile in SN2
- Substrate in nucleophilic substitution - SN2
- Cyclic substrates in SN2
- Solvent in Nucleophilic Substitution - SN2
- SN2 problems
- Substitution Reactions - SN1
- Reactions Elimination
- Problems Elimination
- Alkenes
- Alkene problems
- Alkene Reactions
- Electrophilic addition reactions
- Alkenes hydrogenation
- Halogen addition
- Hydroboration of Alkenes
- Halohydrin formation
- HX addition
- Markovnikov Rule - Regioselectivity
- Alkene Hydration
- Alkene Epoxidation
- Ozonolysis of Alkenes
- Oxymercuriation - Demercuriation
- Dihydroxylation of alkenes
- HBr addition with peroxides
- Alkene polymerization
- Alkene Reactions Problems
- alkynes
- alkynes
- Alkyne nomenclature
- Alkyne Acidity
- Physical properties of Alkynes
- Synthesis of Alkynes by Alkylation
- Alkyne hydrogenation
- Alkyne Hydrogenation with Lindlar Catalyst
- Hydrogenation of Alkynes with Sodium in Liquid Ammonia
- Preparation of Alkynes by Double Elimination
- Alkyne Hydration
- Hydroboration of Alkynes
- Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkynes
- Halogenation of Alkynes
- Alkyne Ozonolysis
- Alkyne problems
- alcohols
- Alcohols - general characteristics
- Acidity and basicity of alcohols
- Alcohol Nomenclature
- Synthesis of Alcohols from Haloalkanes
- Synthesis of Alcohols by reduction of carbonyls
- Synthesis of Alcohols by Hydrogenation of Carbonyls
- Synthesis of Alcohols from Epoxides
- Synthesis of Alcohols by Hydration of Alkenes
- Synthesis of alcohols by reduction of acids and esters
- Synthesis of Haloalkanes from Alcohols
- Alcohol oxidation
- Formation of Alkoxides from Alcohols
- alcohol problems
- ethers
- etheric problems
- Allylic systems
- Diels Alder reaction
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
- Hydrate Formation
- Formation of Hemiacetals
- Acetal Formation
- Formation of cyclic acetals
- Acetals as protecting groups
- Aldehyde and Ketone Nomenclature
- Imine formation
- Oxime formation
- Hydrazone Formation
- Azine Formation
- Semicarbazone formation
- 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine assay
- Cyanohydrin formation
- Wittig reaction
- Baeyer Villiger oxidation
- Enamine Formation
- Carbonyl Problems
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 2
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 4
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 5
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 6
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 7
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 8
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 9
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 10
- Aldehydes and Ketones: Problem 11
- Aldehydes and Ketones - Problem 1
- Aldehydes and Ketones - Problem 3
- Enolates and Enols
- Enolate Formation
- alkylation of enolates
- Hydrogen - Deuterium exchange
- Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones
- Haloform (Iodoform) reaction
- aldol condensation
- Aldol condensation with ketones
- Intramolecular aldol condensation
- Cross or mixed aldol condensation
- Synthesis of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls
- Reactivity of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls
- Addition of Michael and annulation of Robinson
- Enol and enolate problems
- Enols and enolates - Problem 1
- Enols and enolates - Problem 2
- Enols and enolates - Problem 3
- Enols and enolates - Problem 4
- Enols and enolates - Problem 5
- Enols and enolates - Problem 6
- Enols and enolates - Problem 7
- Enols and enolates - Problem 8
- Enols and enolates - Problem 9
- Enols and enolates - Problem 10
- Enols and enolates - Problem 11
- Enols and enolates - Problem 12
- Enols and enolates - Problem 13
- Enols and enolates - Problem 14
- Enols and enolates - Problem 15
- Benzene
- Benzene nomenclature
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- Benzene Nitration
- Sulfonation of benzene
- halogenation of benzene
- Benzene - Protection and deprotection of the amino group
- Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: Benzine
- Reduction of nitro to amino and oxidation of amino to nitro
- Protection of activated positions
- Aromatic nucleophilic substitution by addition-elimination
- The benzylic position
- Side chain oxidation
- birch reduction
- Claisen transposition
- Sandmeyer and Schiemann reactions
- azo coupling
- Benzene problems
- Benzene - Problem 1
- Benzene - Problem 2
- Benzene - Problem 3
- Benzene - Problem 4
- Benzene - Problem 5
- Benzene - Problem 6
- Benzene - Problem 7
- Benzene - Problem 8
- Benzene - Problem 9
- Benzene - Problem 10
- Benzene - Problem 11
- Benzene - Problem 12
- Benzene - Problem 13
- Benzene - Problem 14
- Benzene - Problem 15
- Benzene - Problem 16
- interactive exercises
- Carboxylic acids
- Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
- Nomenclature - Carboxylic Acids
- Synthesis of alkanoyl halides from carboxylic acids
- Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acids
- Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- Synthesis of Anhydrides from Carboxylic Acids
- Synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids - Esterification
- Synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids
- Lactam synthesis
- Lactone Synthesis
- Reaction of carboxylic acids with organometallics
- Reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols
- Formation of carboxylic acid enolates
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
- Hunsdiecker reaction
- Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Acidity and Basicity of Acid Derivatives
- Acid problems
- Anhydrides
- Alkanoyl Halides
- Nomenclature: Alkanoyl Halides
- Alkanoyl Halide Hydrolysis
- Reaction of Alkanoyl Halides with Alcohols
- Reaction of alkanoyl halides with amines and ammonia
- Reaction of Alkanoyl Halides with Organometallics
- Reduction of acid halides to alcohols
- Reduction of alkanoyl halides to aldehydes
- Alkanoyl Halides - Rosenmund Reduction
- Halide problems
- esters
- Ester Nomenclature
- Acid hydrolysis of esters
- Basic hydrolysis of esters. saponification
- Lactone hydrolysis
- Acid transesterification of esters
- Transesterification in basic medium
- ester enolates
- Reaction of esters with organometallics
- Reduction of esters to alcohols
- Reduction of esters to aldehydes: DIBAL
- Claisen condensation
- Esters Problems
- amides
- Amide problems
- Nitriles
- Nitriles problems
- Difunctional Compounds
- amines
- Amine Nomenclature
- Physical properties of amines
- Acid-Base Properties of Amines
- Structure and bonding of amines
- Amine synthesis by direct alkylation
- Synthesis of amines by reduction of nitriles
- Preparation of amines by reduction of azides
- Synthesis of amines by reduction of amides
- Amine synthesis by Hofmann rearrangement
- Gabriel synthesis
- reductive amination
- Synthesis of amines by opening epoxides
- Hofmann elimination
- Elimination of Cope
- Mannich reaction
- Amine problems
- Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Silicon
- Stereochemistry II