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PYRROL, THIOPHENE AND FURAN THEORY
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The Paal-Knorr synthesis generates thiophenes by reaction of 1,4-dicarbonyls with P 4 S 10

thiophene paal knorr 01

Stage 1. Formation of the thiocarbonyl

thiophene paal knorr 02

Stage 2. Formation of the enothiol

thiophene paal knorr 03

Stage 3. Cyclization

thiophene paal knorr 04

Stage 4. Dehydration

thiophene paal knorr 05